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A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change

Identifieur interne : 004B24 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 004B23; suivant : 004B25

A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change

Auteurs : J. P. Abraham [États-Unis] ; M. Baringer [États-Unis] ; N. L. Bindoff [Australie] ; T. Boyer [États-Unis] ; L. J. Cheng [République populaire de Chine] ; J. A. Church [Australie] ; J. L. Conroy [États-Unis] ; C. M. Domingues [Australie] ; J. T. Fasullo [États-Unis] ; J. Gilson [États-Unis] ; G. Goni [États-Unis] ; S. A. Good [Royaume-Uni] ; J. M. Gorman [États-Unis] ; V. Gouretski [Allemagne] ; M. Ishii [Japon] ; G. C. Johnson [États-Unis] ; S. Kizu [Japon] ; J. M. Lyman [États-Unis] ; A. M. Macdonald [États-Unis] ; W. J. Minkowycz [États-Unis] ; S. E. Moffitt [États-Unis] ; M. D. Palmer [Royaume-Uni] ; A. R. Piola [Argentine] ; F. Reseghetti [Italie] ; K. Schuckmann [France] ; K. E. Trenberth [États-Unis] ; I. Velicogna [États-Unis] ; J. K. Willis [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:5A22EC856060E54D88C5F8B0308932272224986B

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity‐temperature‐depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up‐to‐date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3 mm yr−1 with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed.

Url:
DOI: 10.1002/rog.20022


Affiliations:


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Le document en format XML

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<idno type="ISSN">8755-1209</idno>
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<idno type="ISSN">8755-1209</idno>
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<term>Abraham</term>
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<term>Anomaly</term>
<term>Antarctic</term>
<term>Antarctic bottom water</term>
<term>Anthropogenic</term>
<term>Antonov</term>
<term>Apparent temperature bias</term>
<term>Argo</term>
<term>Argo array</term>
<term>Argo data</term>
<term>Argo program</term>
<term>Atmos</term>
<term>Atmospheric research</term>
<term>Autonomous</term>
<term>Bathythermograph</term>
<term>Bias</term>
<term>Bias correction schemes</term>
<term>Bias values</term>
<term>Bindoff</term>
<term>Bottom waters</term>
<term>Boundary currents</term>
<term>Bourdon tube</term>
<term>Boyer</term>
<term>Cambridge univ</term>
<term>Clim</term>
<term>Climate change</term>
<term>Climate model simulations</term>
<term>Climate system</term>
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<term>Correction</term>
<term>Corrections</term>
<term>Ctds</term>
<term>Data assembly centers</term>
<term>Data bias</term>
<term>Data center</term>
<term>Data sets</term>
<term>Database</term>
<term>Dbar</term>
<term>Decadal</term>
<term>Deep argo</term>
<term>Deep ocean</term>
<term>Deep ocean heat content</term>
<term>Deep xbts</term>
<term>Deployment</term>
<term>Depth biases</term>
<term>Depth corrections</term>
<term>Depth range</term>
<term>Different types</term>
<term>Domingues</term>
<term>Drop height</term>
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<term>Dynamic model</term>
<term>Dynamic models</term>
<term>Energy imbalance</term>
<term>Enso</term>
<term>Error bars</term>
<term>Expendable</term>
<term>Expendable bathythermograph</term>
<term>Expendable bathythermographs</term>
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<term>Fourth assessment report</term>
<term>Future directions</term>
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<term>Gleckler</term>
<term>Glider</term>
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<term>Global energy</term>
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<term>Global temperature</term>
<term>Goni</term>
<term>Gouretski</term>
<term>Hamon</term>
<term>Hanawa</term>
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<term>Hydrographic observations</term>
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<term>Kimoto</term>
<term>Kizu</term>
<term>Lett</term>
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<term>Level rise</term>
<term>Levitus</term>
<term>Linear trends</term>
<term>Lockheed martin sippican</term>
<term>Lyman</term>
<term>Marginal seas</term>
<term>Maximum depth</term>
<term>Mbts</term>
<term>Measure pressure</term>
<term>Mechanical bathythermograph</term>
<term>Median</term>
<term>Metadata</term>
<term>Modeling</term>
<term>Multidecadal</term>
<term>Multidecadal periods</term>
<term>Multidecadal timescales</term>
<term>Nansen</term>
<term>Nansen bottle</term>
<term>Noaa</term>
<term>Oat</term>
<term>Objective mapping</term>
<term>Observational estimates</term>
<term>Ocean</term>
<term>Ocean heat content</term>
<term>Ocean heat content estimates</term>
<term>Ocean heat uptake</term>
<term>Ocean observations</term>
<term>Ocean observations figure</term>
<term>Ocean surface</term>
<term>Ocean temperature</term>
<term>Ocean temperature measurements</term>
<term>Ocean temperatures</term>
<term>Ocean warming</term>
<term>Oceanic</term>
<term>Oceanic technol</term>
<term>Oceanogr</term>
<term>Oceanographic</term>
<term>Optimal interpolation</term>
<term>Phys</term>
<term>Physical oceanography</term>
<term>Physical science basis</term>
<term>Planetary energy imbalance</term>
<term>Planetary heat storage</term>
<term>Pressure bias</term>
<term>Pressure drift</term>
<term>Pressure sensor</term>
<term>Pressure values</term>
<term>Probe</term>
<term>Probe mass</term>
<term>Publication venice</term>
<term>Pure temperature</term>
<term>Purkey</term>
<term>Quality control</term>
<term>Reanalysis</term>
<term>Reference data</term>
<term>Reseghetti</term>
<term>Reverdin</term>
<term>Robust</term>
<term>Roemmich</term>
<term>Rossby</term>
<term>Salinity</term>
<term>Satellite altimeter</term>
<term>Satellite altimetry</term>
<term>Schuckmann</term>
<term>Sensor</term>
<term>Ship motion</term>
<term>Simple gridding</term>
<term>Solo whoi</term>
<term>Southern ocean</term>
<term>Spilhaus</term>
<term>Stammer</term>
<term>Standard errors</term>
<term>Strip chart recorders</term>
<term>Subsurface</term>
<term>Subsurface temperature</term>
<term>Surface temperature</term>
<term>Systematic errors</term>
<term>Technol</term>
<term>Technological advances</term>
<term>Temperature bias</term>
<term>Temperature drift</term>
<term>Temperature gradient</term>
<term>Temperature measurements</term>
<term>Temperature sensors</term>
<term>Thermal bias</term>
<term>Thermal energy</term>
<term>Thermal expansion</term>
<term>Thermistor</term>
<term>Thermosteric</term>
<term>Time period</term>
<term>Time series</term>
<term>Timescales</term>
<term>Tndp</term>
<term>Total bias</term>
<term>Total temperature bias</term>
<term>Transects</term>
<term>Traon</term>
<term>Trenberth</term>
<term>Unknown type</term>
<term>Upper ocean</term>
<term>Upper ocean warming</term>
<term>Variability</term>
<term>Vema channel</term>
<term>Warm bias</term>
<term>Warming</term>
<term>Warming rates</term>
<term>Water column</term>
<term>Water temperature</term>
<term>Water viscosity</term>
<term>Whoi</term>
<term>Wijffels</term>
<term>Woce</term>
<term>Wong</term>
<term>Woods hole</term>
<term>World ocean</term>
<term>World ocean circulation experiment</term>
<term>World ocean database</term>
<term>Xbts</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en">
<term>Abraham</term>
<term>Abyssal</term>
<term>Accuracy requirement</term>
<term>Altimetry</term>
<term>Anomaly</term>
<term>Antarctic</term>
<term>Antarctic bottom water</term>
<term>Anthropogenic</term>
<term>Antonov</term>
<term>Apparent temperature bias</term>
<term>Argo</term>
<term>Argo array</term>
<term>Argo data</term>
<term>Argo program</term>
<term>Atmos</term>
<term>Atmospheric research</term>
<term>Autonomous</term>
<term>Bathythermograph</term>
<term>Bias</term>
<term>Bias correction schemes</term>
<term>Bias values</term>
<term>Bindoff</term>
<term>Bottom waters</term>
<term>Boundary currents</term>
<term>Bourdon tube</term>
<term>Boyer</term>
<term>Cambridge univ</term>
<term>Clim</term>
<term>Climate change</term>
<term>Climate model simulations</term>
<term>Climate system</term>
<term>Climatological</term>
<term>Climatological reference</term>
<term>Correction</term>
<term>Corrections</term>
<term>Ctds</term>
<term>Data assembly centers</term>
<term>Data bias</term>
<term>Data center</term>
<term>Data sets</term>
<term>Database</term>
<term>Dbar</term>
<term>Decadal</term>
<term>Deep argo</term>
<term>Deep ocean</term>
<term>Deep ocean heat content</term>
<term>Deep xbts</term>
<term>Deployment</term>
<term>Depth biases</term>
<term>Depth corrections</term>
<term>Depth range</term>
<term>Different types</term>
<term>Domingues</term>
<term>Drop height</term>
<term>Druck</term>
<term>Dynamic model</term>
<term>Dynamic models</term>
<term>Energy imbalance</term>
<term>Enso</term>
<term>Error bars</term>
<term>Expendable</term>
<term>Expendable bathythermograph</term>
<term>Expendable bathythermographs</term>
<term>Fall rate</term>
<term>Fasullo</term>
<term>Fourth assessment report</term>
<term>Future directions</term>
<term>Geophys</term>
<term>Gilson</term>
<term>Gleckler</term>
<term>Glider</term>
<term>Global</term>
<term>Global energy</term>
<term>Global ocean</term>
<term>Global ocean heat content</term>
<term>Global temperature</term>
<term>Goni</term>
<term>Gouretski</term>
<term>Hamon</term>
<term>Hanawa</term>
<term>Heat content</term>
<term>Heat storage</term>
<term>Heat uptake</term>
<term>Hydrographic</term>
<term>Hydrographic observations</term>
<term>Imbalance</term>
<term>Instrumental biases</term>
<term>Interannual</term>
<term>Interannual variability</term>
<term>Intergovernmental panel</term>
<term>Ipcc</term>
<term>Ishii</term>
<term>Kimoto</term>
<term>Kizu</term>
<term>Lett</term>
<term>Level change</term>
<term>Level rise</term>
<term>Levitus</term>
<term>Linear trends</term>
<term>Lockheed martin sippican</term>
<term>Lyman</term>
<term>Marginal seas</term>
<term>Maximum depth</term>
<term>Mbts</term>
<term>Measure pressure</term>
<term>Mechanical bathythermograph</term>
<term>Median</term>
<term>Metadata</term>
<term>Modeling</term>
<term>Multidecadal</term>
<term>Multidecadal periods</term>
<term>Multidecadal timescales</term>
<term>Nansen</term>
<term>Nansen bottle</term>
<term>Noaa</term>
<term>Oat</term>
<term>Objective mapping</term>
<term>Observational estimates</term>
<term>Ocean</term>
<term>Ocean heat content</term>
<term>Ocean heat content estimates</term>
<term>Ocean heat uptake</term>
<term>Ocean observations</term>
<term>Ocean observations figure</term>
<term>Ocean surface</term>
<term>Ocean temperature</term>
<term>Ocean temperature measurements</term>
<term>Ocean temperatures</term>
<term>Ocean warming</term>
<term>Oceanic</term>
<term>Oceanic technol</term>
<term>Oceanogr</term>
<term>Oceanographic</term>
<term>Optimal interpolation</term>
<term>Phys</term>
<term>Physical oceanography</term>
<term>Physical science basis</term>
<term>Planetary energy imbalance</term>
<term>Planetary heat storage</term>
<term>Pressure bias</term>
<term>Pressure drift</term>
<term>Pressure sensor</term>
<term>Pressure values</term>
<term>Probe</term>
<term>Probe mass</term>
<term>Publication venice</term>
<term>Pure temperature</term>
<term>Purkey</term>
<term>Quality control</term>
<term>Reanalysis</term>
<term>Reference data</term>
<term>Reseghetti</term>
<term>Reverdin</term>
<term>Robust</term>
<term>Roemmich</term>
<term>Rossby</term>
<term>Salinity</term>
<term>Satellite altimeter</term>
<term>Satellite altimetry</term>
<term>Schuckmann</term>
<term>Sensor</term>
<term>Ship motion</term>
<term>Simple gridding</term>
<term>Solo whoi</term>
<term>Southern ocean</term>
<term>Spilhaus</term>
<term>Stammer</term>
<term>Standard errors</term>
<term>Strip chart recorders</term>
<term>Subsurface</term>
<term>Subsurface temperature</term>
<term>Surface temperature</term>
<term>Systematic errors</term>
<term>Technol</term>
<term>Technological advances</term>
<term>Temperature bias</term>
<term>Temperature drift</term>
<term>Temperature gradient</term>
<term>Temperature measurements</term>
<term>Temperature sensors</term>
<term>Thermal bias</term>
<term>Thermal energy</term>
<term>Thermal expansion</term>
<term>Thermistor</term>
<term>Thermosteric</term>
<term>Time period</term>
<term>Time series</term>
<term>Timescales</term>
<term>Tndp</term>
<term>Total bias</term>
<term>Total temperature bias</term>
<term>Transects</term>
<term>Traon</term>
<term>Trenberth</term>
<term>Unknown type</term>
<term>Upper ocean</term>
<term>Upper ocean warming</term>
<term>Variability</term>
<term>Vema channel</term>
<term>Warm bias</term>
<term>Warming</term>
<term>Warming rates</term>
<term>Water column</term>
<term>Water temperature</term>
<term>Water viscosity</term>
<term>Whoi</term>
<term>Wijffels</term>
<term>Woce</term>
<term>Wong</term>
<term>Woods hole</term>
<term>World ocean</term>
<term>World ocean circulation experiment</term>
<term>World ocean database</term>
<term>Xbts</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Changement climatique</term>
<term>Base de données</term>
<term>Métadonnée</term>
<term>Océan</term>
<term>énergie thermique</term>
</keywords>
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</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract">The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity‐temperature‐depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up‐to‐date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3 mm yr−1 with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed.</div>
</front>
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<li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Argentine</li>
<li>Australie</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Italie</li>
<li>Japon</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
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<region>
<li>Californie</li>
<li>Hambourg</li>
<li>Illinois</li>
<li>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</li>
<li>Région de Tōhoku</li>
<li>Washington (État)</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Chicago</li>
<li>Hambourg</li>
<li>Sendai</li>
<li>Toulon</li>
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<li>Université de l'Illinois à Chicago</li>
<li>Université du Tōhoku</li>
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<name sortKey="Abraham, J P" sort="Abraham, J P" uniqKey="Abraham J" first="J. P." last="Abraham">J. P. Abraham</name>
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<name sortKey="Willis, J K" sort="Willis, J K" uniqKey="Willis J" first="J. K." last="Willis">J. K. Willis</name>
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<name sortKey="Bindoff, N L" sort="Bindoff, N L" uniqKey="Bindoff N" first="N. L." last="Bindoff">N. L. Bindoff</name>
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<name sortKey="Domingues, C M" sort="Domingues, C M" uniqKey="Domingues C" first="C. M." last="Domingues">C. M. Domingues</name>
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<name sortKey="Cheng, L J" sort="Cheng, L J" uniqKey="Cheng L" first="L. J." last="Cheng">L. J. Cheng</name>
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<name sortKey="Palmer, M D" sort="Palmer, M D" uniqKey="Palmer M" first="M. D." last="Palmer">M. D. Palmer</name>
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<name sortKey="Gouretski, V" sort="Gouretski, V" uniqKey="Gouretski V" first="V." last="Gouretski">V. Gouretski</name>
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<name sortKey="Ishii, M" sort="Ishii, M" uniqKey="Ishii M" first="M." last="Ishii">M. Ishii</name>
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<name sortKey="Piola, A R" sort="Piola, A R" uniqKey="Piola A" first="A. R." last="Piola">A. R. Piola</name>
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<name sortKey="Reseghetti, F" sort="Reseghetti, F" uniqKey="Reseghetti F" first="F." last="Reseghetti">F. Reseghetti</name>
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<name sortKey="Schuckmann, K" sort="Schuckmann, K" uniqKey="Schuckmann K" first="K." last="Schuckmann">K. Schuckmann</name>
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